@PhDThesis{Campanharo:2021:AsImCa,
               author = "Campanharo, Wesley Augusto",
                title = "Assessment of the impact caused by fires in the Brazilian Legal 
                         Amazon from 2001 e 2020",
               school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
                 year = "2021",
              address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
                month = "2021-07-29",
             keywords = "wildfire, Amazon, econometrics, environmental valuating, 
                         geoprocessing, inc{\^e}ndios, Amaz{\^o}nia, econometria, 
                         valora{\c{c}}{\~a}o ambiental, geoprocessamento.",
             abstract = "Humans were only able to evolve thanks to the use and the control 
                         of fire learned some million years ago. However, with great power 
                         comes great responsibility, and for now it seems that the fire is 
                         uncontrolled or not well managed. The damages documented so far 
                         can be sensed directly (human life loss, burning production, 
                         damaging infrastructure, reducing biodiversity, affecting cultural 
                         resources) or indirectly (changing the climate, increasing 
                         hospitalizations, reducing tourism, promoting species migration, 
                         and affecting transport of people and goods), both occurring at 
                         any kind of scale (locally, regionally, globally). The Amazon 
                         region is the primary source of biodiversity in the Neotropics, 
                         being the genetic pool to other places and also providing 
                         important ecosystem services. The Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA), is 
                         a geopolitical region, that is responsible for 8.5% of the Gross 
                         Domestic Product (GDP), besides being home for more than 24 
                         million inhabitants, including indigenous and traditional 
                         communities. Only in the past 20 years, severe droughts with major 
                         associated wildfires were reported in the region. This phenomenon 
                         brings several consequences, and most of them are still 
                         uncountable or not well characterized. This thesis, hence, aims to 
                         quantify the impact of fire in the BLA in recent years (from 2001 
                         to 2020), accessing the damage either by a monetary aspect or by a 
                         tangible form, categorizing it in a disaster context 
                         (environmental, material, and human damages). The thesis was based 
                         on three main chapters, the first one is a case study, the second 
                         is a methodological update, and the third one shows the total 
                         damage accounted for the last 20 years. The case study focused on 
                         Acre state aimed to establish a methodological basis to allow the 
                         up scaling the results to the entire BLA region. In the local 
                         scale, the use of fire was closely linked to the agricultural 
                         sector, especially connected to large proprieties as a tool for 
                         deforestation and pasture management. The total damages between 
                         2008 and 2012 in Acre caused by fire represents 0.51%±0.10 of the 
                         states GDP in normal climatic years, reaching up to 7.03% ±2.45 in 
                         drought years (2010). In this case study, the estimate of the 
                         relation between hospitalization and fires was not entirely 
                         elucidated. The second chapter, which covers the whole Amazon, 
                         therefore, was delineated to use an Instrumental Variable (IV) 
                         approach to determine how respiratory hospitalizations are 
                         associated with air pollution induced by fires, using a large data 
                         set. The results revealed a positive effect of fire-pollution on 
                         the hospitalization due to respiratory diseases in general and, 
                         specifically, due to Asthma, which the model predicts that 
                         approximately 4,000 people are yearly affected. The results 
                         indicate that the estimates could have been further improved by 
                         using other pollutant indicators, neighborhood effects, time lag 
                         or even downscaling the series. Finally, the last chapter analyzes 
                         the main pattern of the fire and its impacts over the BLA through 
                         the last 20 years. The results exposed that approximately 17% of 
                         the BLA region already suffered with fire at least once, mostly in 
                         small patches (\&.",
            committee = "Arag{\~a}o, Luiz Eduardo Oliveira e Cruz de (presidente) and 
                         Anderson, Liana Oighenstein (orientadora) and Silva, Thiago 
                         Fonseca Morello Ramalho da (orientador) and Alencar, Ane and 
                         Brown, Irving Foster",
         englishtitle = "Avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o dos impactos causados por inc{\^e}ndios na 
                         Amaz{\^o}nia Legal Brasileira entre 2001 e 2020",
             language = "en",
                pages = "154",
                  ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34T/455DTUL",
                  url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34T/455DTUL",
           targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}